Memory
Memory and / or Storage
Last updated on
2019/2562
1
21
,
a
full
moon day;
IFF
Z-Distribution, dimensional (
2 *
6)
... ; e.g.
space's depth in (2 * 6) momentum;
IFF
side-by-side, dimensional (
2 *
5)
in common, five; memory
methods
e.g. address, offsetting
of detailed Val address, physical address,
ref address,
... are all defined
by
Time e.g. 1 year is like unlimited
memory and storage in the Internet, 1 month is like billing
cycles
of banking
systems,
1 week is like 7 days,
BD is almost 1 day if compare to DVD in few hours,
CD has been standard 150 x of IDE (approx. 700 MB) doko
WHERE 1.44 MB can keep 12-size default font's approx. 500 pages
of information to print out。
Approx; 153+ memory & storage types / usages available to
read: Also see: Bus Connector and
Port;
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Name | Enhance able | Portable | Hardware; Software | Remark CCD Resolution Technology; | ||||
;;; | ;;; | |||||||
+R DL | Recordable DVD-V only; till
2008; NOT recordable *;DivX; *;jpeg; *;mp3; *;mpeg4; *;wma; |
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+R / +RW | Recordable DVD-V only; till
2008; NOT recordable *;DivX; *;jpeg; *;mp3; *;mpeg4; *;wma; |
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AG AND flash memory | [www;hitachi;com / New / cnews / 050617.html
]; Multilevel cell technology; BL
switch solves multilevel programming problems;
Ordinary memory's a cell can hold 0 and 1; AG AND flash memory's a cell can
hold 00; 01; 10; and 11; BL becomes local BL and global BL; Also see: NEC's
duobinary; AG;
Assist Gates
|
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AMB | Hardware | In 2005; NEC's AMB can connect DDR2 533; 667; 800; | ||||||
BD |
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Blu-ray Disc; One of the optical disks; Also see: HD DUD; [www;ceatec;com; 2005] | ||||||
BD-R | Hardware | In 2008; 25GB BD-R Blu-Ray disc are available as 2x speed; approx; 5 times bigger storage capacity than DVD; | ||||||
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No; because of embedding | No | Hardware | Processor oriented and embedded memory; Latches of processor are classified as L1; L2; L3; ;;; memories; | ||||
CAM memory | In networking; router's memory with search functions for IPv6 internet generation; Also see: Hitachi; | |||||||
CD |
|
Disc | compact disk; CD; CD-R (LG usage: (CLV) (ZCLV) (;;;)); CD ROM; CD RW; JPEG CD; MP3 CD; Video CD; SACD; WMA CD; ;;; ; Multi-session CD; | |||||
CD ROM | No; because of constraint track | Yes | Disc | Non-volatile; Storage; Commonly known as CD; (CD (R) (RW)); (Video (VCD) (SVCD)); | ||||
CD-R / RW | Disc | Recordable *;DivX; *;jpeg;
*;mp3; *;mpeg4; *;wma; NOT recordable DVD-V; DVD-VR; ;;; ; |
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CF; CompactFlash | Yes; but higher density separate module needed | Yes | Hardware | Non-volatile memory; Type I; II; ;;;; Compatibility with: Microdrive; Compact I / O card; Compact LAN card; Compact MODEM card; www;sandisk;com; Media card reader needed; Also see: Canon; Nikon; | ||||
CMOS RAM | No; because of embedding | No | Hardware | Also see: CCD; If RAM becomes CCD alike "converting light into electrical signals" and then computers must be classified into what kind of ;;; ; | ||||
CryptoStick | Yes | Hardware | USB2 flash memory; | |||||
DDR | Hardware | (DDR (PC2100 266MHz) (PC2700 333MHz) (PC3200 400MHz) (PC4000 500MHz)); Double Data Rate where 1 Data Out time in ns contains 2 data patterns; | ||||||
DDR200 | Memory bus speed: 200 MHz; PC 1600 chip; Support up to 1;6 Gbps bandwidth; | |||||||
DDR266 | Memory bus speed: 266 MHz; PC 2100 chip; Support up to 2;1 Gbps bandwidth; | |||||||
DDR333 | Memory bus speed: 333 MHz; PC 2700 chip; Support up to 2;7 Gbps bandwidth; | |||||||
DDR SDRAM | Yes; but higher density separate module needed | No | Hardware | DIMM; Double data rate memory; | ||||
DDR2 | Hardware | (DDR2 (PC3200 400MHz) (PC3200 ECC 400MHz) (PC4200 533MHz) (PC4300 ECC 533MHz) (PC5400 667MHz) (800MHz) (;;;)); 1;8V; Also see: 3D transistor; | ||||||
DDR2 | Hardware | In 2009, available modules via toshiba;direct;com; are DDR2-533Mhz; DDR2-667Mhz; DDR2-800Mhz; | ||||||
DDR3 | Hardware | In 2007; 4 bit pre-fetched DDR2; 8 bit pre-fetched DDR3 data rates are in testing stage for frequency development; | ||||||
DDR3 | In 2009, available modules via toshiba;direct;com; is DDR3-1066Mhz; | |||||||
DDR3-800; DDR3-1066; DDR3-1333 | Hardware | In 2008; 1;5V; SoDIMM for notebooks; RDIMM for servers; 1333Mbps is -1333; 1066Mbps is -1066; 800Mbps is -800; Also see: Samsung Semiconductor; | ||||||
DDS | Hardware | Also see: (Media backup storage (SONY ((4mm (DDS (2) (3) (4)) (DAT72))) (8mm (Mammoth (1) (2) (AIT 1) (AIT 2) (AIT 3)) (DLT (IV) (Super)) (Travan (NS20) ))) (MAXELL (Ultrium (1) (2)) (Zip)) (SLR) ); | ||||||
DIMM | Yes; but higher density separate module needed | No | Hardware | In common; SODIMM is for Notebook; (SODIMM (PC100 100MHz) (PC133 133MHz) (PC2100 266 MHz) (PC2700 333MHz)); | ||||
DMA | No; because it is algorithm | No | Software | If necessary; attach to DMA's bus; or extend the algorithm; | ||||
DMVT | No | No | Hardware and Software | |||||
DRAM | DRAM can hold 4 times more data than RAM; Also see: DRAM vs; SRAM; | |||||||
DRAM; Synchronous | Yes | No | Hardware | SLDRAM AND RDRAM; also see: 1997 model memory tester from www;advantest;com; | ||||
DVD |
|
Disc |
Digital
Versatile Disc; In 2004; NEC manufactured 3G
HD DVD;
In 2005; LG produces 2;4x OR 4x OR 8x OR 16x WRITE to DVD +R; 1x OR 2x OR 4x OR 8x WRITE to DVD -R; 2;4x OR 4x WRITE to DVD +RW; 1x OR 2x OR 4x WRITE to DVD -RW; 2x OR 3x OR 5x WRITE to DVD RAM; 4x OR 8x OR 16x WRITE to CD-R CLV; 24x OR 32x OR 40x WRITE to CD-R ZCLV; 4x OR 8x OR 10x WRITE to CD-RW CLV; 16x OR 24x WRITE to CD-RW ZCLV; READ varies depending on media type; Also see: LG's CD DVD spec; dual voltage disk; |
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DVD+R | Yes | Disc | In 2008; DVD9(8152MB); DVD5(4483MB); ;;; ; multi-session is for re-writable later; | |||||
DVD-R DL | Disc | Recordable DVD-V; and DVD-VR
only; till 2008; NOT recordable *;DivX; *;jpeg; *;mp3; *;mpeg4; *;wma; till 2008; |
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DVD-R / RW | Disc | Recordable DVD-V; DVD-VR;
*;DivX; *;jpeg; *;mp3; *;mpeg4; till 2008; NOT recordable *;wma; till 2008; |
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DVD RAM |
Disc
|
Disc; manufactured by Panasonic; 2004; 4;7GB; Rewritable; | ||||||
DVD-RAM | Recordable DVD-VR; *;DivX;
*;jpeg; *;mp3; *;mpeg4; till 2008; NOT recordable *;wma; DVD-V; till 2008; |
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DVD ROM | No | Yes | Disc | In 1996; DVD ROM; by red laser; high power semi-conductor; system was developed by Sharp; Commonly known as DVD; (DVD (+R) (-R) (+RW) (-RW)); MiniDVD; | ||||
DVMA | No | No | Hardware and Software | |||||
DVR | Recorder; Digital Video Recorder; DVR = DVD + VCR; | |||||||
EAROM | No | No | Hardware | |||||
EDO | Yes | No | Hardware | Popular and commonly used memory in open architecture era of PC computing in 1980s and early 1990s; (EDO (60ns)); | ||||
EDO DRAM | Faster than DRAM; | |||||||
EDO RAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Extended Data Out Random Access Memory; Faster than RAM; Triton chip-sets from Intel were designed to take advantage of EDO ROM; | ||||
EEMS | No | No | Software | Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification; 64 pages per frame; | ||||
EEPROM | Yes | Yes | Hardware | Electrically Erasable PROM; Serial Flash EEPROM; Also see: www;sanyo;com / semiconductors flash memory; | ||||
EMS | No | No | Software | Expanded Memory Specification; 4 pages per frame; | ||||
EPROM | No | Yes | Hardware | Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory; Only by ultraviolet light; It can be reprogrammed; | ||||
Extended Memory | Yes | No | Hardware | 16TB; SX6 super computer; NEC; | ||||
FCRAM | www;toshiba;com; 2004; Network application; Better than DDR SDRAM; and HSSRAM; | |||||||
FeRAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Ferroelectric RAM; Also see: smartSD; | ||||
Flash Memory | No | No | Hardware | In 1997; flash memory; built-in to assist 16 bit micro-controllers; by Sharp; | ||||
Flash Memory | Yes | Yes | Hardware | In 2004; TDK's GBDriver RA4 NAND flash memory controller [Approximate dimension: 0;8in x 0;8in x 0;2in] can control ((8GB memory) (CF2 CompactFlash compatible) (64Mb~16Gb NAND flash memory) (;;;) ); Also see: www;tdk;co;jp; Non-volatile memory; | ||||
FlashBank Memory | Yes | Yes | Hardware | Sanyo's usage; | ||||
FlashSSD | Hardware | In 2007; samsungssd;com's FlashSSD; shock resistance; -25~85C; <24s system boot; >80MB / s WRITE; >100MB / s READ; 0;5W; ;;; ; For notebook computer; | ||||||
FRAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Ferroelectric RAM; | ||||
HHD | Hardware | HHD; Hybrid Hard Drive; Also see: NOR Interface; | ||||||
HSSRAM | www;toshiba;com; 2004; | |||||||
KanguruMicro | Hardware | USB flash memory; | ||||||
LIM EMS | No | No | Software | |||||
Low Power SDRAM; LP SDRAM | www;toshiba;com; 2004; | |||||||
Low Power SRAM; LP SRAM | www;toshiba;com; 2004; | |||||||
LTM | Long Term Memory; Also see: STM; | |||||||
Mask ROM | No | No | Hardware | Non-volatile memory; Also see: sharp-world;com / products / device / about / technology / flash-01;html; 2004; | ||||
MCH | No | No | ||||||
Memory Stick | Yes | Yes | Hardware | Non-volatile memory; MagicGate; Media card reader needed; Also see: SONY; | ||||
Memory Stick Duo | Also see: SONY; | |||||||
Memory Stick Micro | Hardware | In 2005; Sony & Sandisk jointly develop Memory Stick Micro M2 format; 32G max storage; Interface; | ||||||
Memory Stick Pro | Hardware | Media card reader needed; Also see: SONY; | ||||||
Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo | ||||||||
Memory Stick Pro Duo | ||||||||
MG | Yes | Yes | ||||||
Microdrives | Media card reader needed; | |||||||
MicroSD | Hardware | External memory; used in GSM; In 2006; HDD Embedded > 8GB; | ||||||
MMC; Multimedia Memory Card | Hardware | www;samsung;com; 2004; Media card reader needed; | ||||||
MMCmicro | Hardware | External memory; used in CDMA; | ||||||
MMU | No | No | Hardware and Software | |||||
MRAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Magneto-resistive Random Access Memory; | ||||
MROM | Mask Read-only-memory; | |||||||
Multi-format / multi-function non-volatile memory device |
Multi-format / multi-function non-volatile reader / writer
translator / converter are beyond a Myanmar's knowledge
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NAND Flash | www;toshiba;com ; 2004; 300mm technology; | |||||||
NOR Flash | www;toshiba;com ; 2004; | |||||||
NUMA | Hardware | Automatic detection by Oracle 10g; 2004; | ||||||
Parameter RAM | Apple's CMOS RAM; maintained by battery; | |||||||
PC Card ATA | www;toshiba;com ; 2004; | |||||||
PCM | Phase Change Memory; 2008; | |||||||
PCMCIA | Yes | No | Hardware | |||||
PCRAM | Hardware | Phase Change RAM; EETIMES; July; 2007; | ||||||
PLA | Embedded memory; | |||||||
Portable mobile hard drive | Hardware | Portable storage; In 2005; 40GB; 80GB; drives available; USB connection; No AC / DC adapter; Light weight design; Fingerprint authentication; Also see: www;lacie;com; | ||||||
PRAM | Hardware | Phase change Random Access Memory | ||||||
PROM | No | No | Hardware | Programmable Read Only Memory; PROM can be categorized into 2 different types: such as EPROM and EEPROM; | ||||
PSEUDO SRAM | www;toshiba;com ; 2004; | |||||||
PSRAM | www;toshiba;com ; 2004; Asynchronous; | |||||||
QDR II SRAM | www;samsung;com; In 2004; world highest capacity SRAM is 72Mb; developed by Samsung; For network applications; Operate at 300MHz; FBGA; | |||||||
RAM | Yes | No | Hardware | In LSI's either gate-array or embedded array design; NEC classifies RAM into following categories: Compiled-type asynchronous 1 port; Compiled-type asynchronous 2 port[1W; and 1R]; Compiled-type RAM embedded synchronous 1 port; Compiled-type RAM embedded synchronous 2 ports; Compiled-type synchronous 1 port; Compiled-type synchronous 2 ports[1W; and 1R]; Compiled-type synchronous dual port; Bit-word fixed type with 1 port; Bit-word fixed type with 2 ports[1W; and 1R]; ;;; ; Random Access Memory; | ||||
RDIMM | Hardware | SoDIMM for notebook; RDIMM for server; | ||||||
RDRAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Rambus by Motorola's C-5; (RDRAM (PC800 800MHz)); Support up to 3;2 Gbps bandwidth; | ||||
ReRAM | Resistance Random Access Memory; | |||||||
ROM; Read Only Memory | No | No | Hardware | In LSI's either gate-array or embedded array design; NEC classifies RAM into following categories: ROM synchronous; ROM asynchronous; Also see: RAM; Read Only Memory; Once write; data become permanent; | ||||
SAM | Yes | No | Hardware and Software | |||||
SATA | Yes | Yes | Hardware | 2;5" SATA; SFF and SAS are a hard disk drive storage type / usage; | ||||
Scratchpad RAM | Scratchpad Random Access Memory; CPU's memory; register alike; | |||||||
SD |
Hardware
|
www;toshiba;com; 2004; Also see: smartSD; Media card reader needed; Nikon; SD; Secure Digital; | ||||||
SDHC memory card | Hardware | Multi-use Terminal Cable; | ||||||
SDXC memory card | Hardware | Multi-use Terminal Cable; for still images; for movies; | ||||||
SDRAM | Yes | No | Hardware | DIMM; SDRAM is less expensive than SSRAM; (SDRAM (PC66 66MHz) (PC100 100MHz) (PC133 133MHz)); Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory; Faster clock speed than DRAM; Burst technique provided DRAM predicts address of next memory location to be accessed; | ||||
SecureDigital | Yes | Yes | Hardware | Non-volatile memory; | ||||
SIMM | Yes | No | Hardware | SIMM; (SIMM (EDO) (Fast Page)); Single Inline Memory Module; SRAM were used to cache; Made of flip-flop; | ||||
SmartMedia; SM | Yes | Yes | Hardware | Non-volatile memory; www;toshiba;com; 2004; Media card reader needed; | ||||
smartSD | Non-volatile FeRAM; Panasonic; 2004; (smartSD (SD) (Controller) (Antenna) (FeRAM) (;;;)); | |||||||
SODIMM | Hardware | DIMM; SoDIMM for notebook; RDIMM for server; | ||||||
SONY Micro Vault Tiny | No | Yes | Hardware | In 2006; 1 ~ 4 GB; USB2 drive; | ||||
SRAM; Static RAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Also see: Motorola's C-5; BMU; (Toshiba ( SRAM ((High Speed Asynchronous SRAM) (High Speed Synchronous SRAM) (Low Power SRAM) (Pseudo SRAM)))); In 2004; Hitachi's SRAM cell is made of 4 FD-SOI; Also see: DRAM vs; SRAM; | ||||
SSRAM | Yes | No | Hardware | Synchronous SRAM; Also see: MMC / AMCC's nP* NPU | ||||
STM | Short Term Memory; Also see: LTM; | |||||||
TIMM |
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|
|
3 inline
memory module; testing gravity dimension computer, Using man |
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USB | Yes | Yes | Hardware | In 2006; USB2 flash memory can be stored up to 64GB; but 5000+USD for a little stick; | ||||
USB Credit Card Size Flash Drive | No | Yes | Hardware | In 2008; 32 / 64 / 128 / 256 / 512 MB drives; 1 / 2 / 4 GB drives; with 4 process poly-plastic layered color printing [also see: Mitsubishi] available by; www;siliconmaps;com; | ||||
USB 2 Bootable External Drive | Yes | Yes | Hardware | 4GB; PnP; MAC OS X; Win 2000; Win XP; Credit card size; Portable; in 2006 retail price < 100 USD; Also can use as external storage; | ||||
Virtual Memory | Yes; but OS level system configuration needed | No | Hardware and Software | A storage physical portion of hard disk is used to swap between physical memory and hard disk's storage; *;swp; *;tmp; ;;; files are commonly used; While processing; if physical memory does not have enough memory space; and then virtual memory is used; | ||||
VRAM | Video Random Access Memory; Processor provided separated pins video circuitry; Used of VRAM enhanced faster video computing; | |||||||
WRAM | Yes | No | Software | |||||
xD Picture Card | Yes | Yes | Hardware | Non-volatile memory; Also see: Fujifilm; | ||||
XDR DRAM | Hardware | In 2005; Samsung produces world fastest XDR DRAM by 256MB modules; DRSL; | ||||||
XiMeta NDAS |
Hardware
|
Storage; NetDisk; 10 / 100; USB2; | ||||||
XMS | No | No | Software | Extended Memory Specification; In a session; Windows' conventional memory; EMS; XMS and MS DOS DPMI memories are adjustable; Also see: Windows' properties; | ||||
Wide bandwidth DDR DRAM | No | No | Hardware | In 2006; 3;3 ~ 5 ns; 2;5 ~ 3;3 V due to SiO2 constraint; SCP stack; FBGA array; ;;; ; Memory IC; Also see: Etron; | ||||
WRAM | Windows Random Access Memory; In video adapter; WRAM was designed for repainting screen; | |||||||
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e.g.
WHERE
BL
V (s) are
recording into memory cells
and
WL control
V (s)
are requiring
WHEN
(@ if
symbol, a.k.a. at)
WHERE
the memory cells;
In early age computing arena, memory was deployed volatile only, and memories were classified static or random;
Commonly; after year 2000
; memory
has been used both volatile and non-volatile [storage + memory]; "volatile only"
means
WHILE power is
on, temporary memory storage space available to
store / to keep / to retrieve / to process instructions, also see:
assembly
mnemonics ... ,
and
WHILE power
is off, those memory storage spaces become unavailable; "Non-volatile" means permanent
AND temporary memory storage space available
regardless of whether power is on or off; Sometime;
memory and storage are file system dependent AND independent;
(Overview of memory: (R / W memory OR RAM (DRAM) (SRAM)) (ROM (Mask ROM; also called Fuse ROM) (PROM (EPROM) (EEPROM)) (Flash Memory) (FRAM)));
。IFF testing, add your define memory into above table; defining your own OEM module into above table by adding a row simply; automatic adjusting bus' speed, e.g. 1 second EDO RAM with 32 KB, e.g. 1 pico second TIMM with 8 TB, e.g. 2D green color iroRAM with 1 TB; your newly testing HARDWARE memory module, working with basic in numerological dimension;
After reading above table; notice that storage and memory cannot be separated; and they are similar to each other; But the following might be different:
( | Storage | (Slower (Read) | (Write)) | (Lesser cost) | (Larger volume) | ) | ||||||||||
( | Memory | (Faster (Read) | (Write)) | (Higher cost) | (Smaller volume) | ) |
CD vs; DVD; SONY Standard
in 2008; SONY DVD/CD Rewritable Drive's standard | ||
Disc | Read | Write |
8 cm CD | yy | yy |
8 cm DVD | yy | |
12 cm CD | yy | yy |
12 cm DVD | yy | yy |
CD-DA | 16x-CAV | |
CD-DA DAE | 48x-CAV2 | |
CD-R | 48x-CAV2 | 48x-CAV2 |
CD-ROM | 48x-CAV2 | |
CD-RW | 40x-CAV | 4x |
CD-RW High Speed | 40x-CAV | 10x |
CD-RW Ultra Speed | 40x-CAV | 24x-XCLV |
CD-RW Ultra Speed Plus | 40x-CAV | 32x-ZCLV |
DVD+R 4x | 16x-CAV | 4x |
DVD+R 8x | 16x-CAV | 12x-CAV |
DVD+R 16x | 16x-CAV | 20x-CAV |
DVD+R Double Layer 2;4x | 12x-CAV | 4x |
DVD+R Double Layer 8x | 12x-CAV | 10x-ZCLV |
DVD+R Double Layer 16x | 12x-CAV | 12x-ZCLV |
DVD+RW | 12x-CAV | 2;4x |
DVD+RW 4x | 12x-CAV | 4x |
DVD+RW High Speed | 12x-CAV | 8x-ZCLV |
DVD-R 4x | 16x-CAV | 4x |
DVD-R 8x | 16x-CAV | 12x-CAV |
DVD-R 16x | 16x-CAV | 20x-CAV |
DVD-R Dual Layer 4x | 12x-CAV | 4x |
DVD-R Dual Layer 8x | 12x-CAV | 10x-ZCLV |
DVD-R Dual Layer 12x | 12x-CAV | 12x-ZCLV |
DVD-RW 2x | 12x-CAV | 2x |
DVD-RW 4x | 12x-CAV | 4x |
DVD-RW 6x | 12x-CAV | 6x |
DVD-RAM 5x | 5x | 5x |
DVD-RAM 12x | 12x-PCAV | 12x-PCAV |
DVD-ROM | 16x-CAV | |
DVD-Video | 6x-CAV | |
;;; | ||
2 default is 40x;
IFF Parallel Time testing; also
see: 2V; V V; so called W; www; www; this DOMAIN; net; i;e;
netsetup;
|
[www;hitachi;com / News / cnews / 050615; html] | ||
DRAM | SRAM | |
To maintain data; DRAM needs refresh operation periodically; | To maintain data; SRAM does not need refresh operation periodically; | |
Each cell is made of 1 MOS AND 1 capacitor; | To retain data; constant V AND Vth are used; | |
Single cell: READ | 1 binary data is 1 bit in 1 cell; | 1 binary data is 1 bit in 1 cell; |
Single cell: WRITE | 1 OR 0; | |
Twin cell | 2 binary data are in 2 cell; | |
Twin cell: READ | 2 cell are read | |
Twin cell: READ | 3 times longer retention-time than single array; | |
Twin cell: WRITE | 1 AND 0; |
MRAM; Magnetic Random Access Memory's semiconductor layers; [EWEEK; 6 / 16 / 2003]
Electrode; top layer; Bit Line |
Ferromagnetic layer |
Tunneling insulator layer |
Ferromagnetic layer |
Coupling layer |
Ferromagnetic layer |
Anti ferromagnetic layer |
Electrode; bottom layer |
In 2004; non-volatile memory module sizes are: 128MB; 256MB; 512MB; 1GB; 2GB; 4GB; ;;; ; And common media format may varies OR just brand names may varies among non-volatile memories as CF I; CF II; FireWire pass-through front port; MemoryStick; MemoryStick Pro; MagicGate Memory Stick; MicroDrive; MMC; SD; SM; XD; and ;;; ;
System IC; a chip; a controller; product specific chip; In common; not portable; not able to enhance; but "configurable" interface; On the other hand; memory IC; a chip; product unspecific chip; In common; portable; able to enhance; and "programmable" interface; In an era between PCB and FPC ;;; ; both memory IC and system IC can be built-in; embedded; ;;; ;
Memory usages Also see: register map;
2010 OR 2554, SONY,
LTO;
2008 ; NTSC Signal system: Panasonic disc standard are; either 8cm = 3" or 12cm = 5";
CD; CD-R / RW including CD-DA; DivX; HighMAT Level 2; JPEG; MPEG4; MP3; SVCD; VCD; and WMA; DivX is DivX video; DivX media files; DivX6; and its max contents are the same as MP3 [ therefore max; 4000 Mixed Contents with 400 groups: ]; HighMAT Level 2 is audio and image; JPEG is Exif Ver 2;1 JPEG Baseline files; and its picture resolutions vary between 160x120 ~ 6144x4096; MP3 is either MPEG-1 Layer 3; or MPEG-2 Layer 3; and both discs' maximum contents are 4000 audio; movie contents; and picture [a.k.a. Mixed Contents]; and both discs' maximum contents are 400 groups:; MPEG4 data can be recorded by Panasonic SD multi cameras; and MPEG4 data also can be recorded by standard chipset DVD recorders [ for example: ASF standard SD VIDEO specification; MPEG4 Simple Profile video system; G;726 audio system; ;;; ]; SVCD is IEC62107 standard; WMA Windows Media Audio version 9;0 L3; and its maximum contents are the same as MP3 [ therefore max; 4000 Mixed Contents with 400 groups: ];
+R DL is Video; +R/RW is also Video;
DVD is DVD-Video; and DVD is also DivX;
DVD-R is DivX; and DVD-R is also DVD-Video; and DVD-R is also DVD-VR [which exclude CPRM]; and DVD-R is also JPEG; and DVD-R is also MP3; and DVD-R is also MPEG4;
DVD-R DL is DVD-Video; and DVD-VR [exclude CPRM];
DVD-RAM is DivX; and DVD-RAM is also DVD-VR which excludes CPRM; and DVD-RAM is also JPEG; and DVD-RAM is also MP3; and DVD-RAM is also MPEG4;
DVD-RW is DivX; and DVD-RW is also DVD-Video; and DVD-RW is also DVD-VR [which exclude CPRM]; and DVD-RW is also JPEG; and DVD-RW is also MP3; and DVD-RW is also MPEG4;
2007 ; WIZnet Ethernet to Parallel ; 4KB internal EEPROM; 32KB external SRAM; 128KB programmable Flash ROM; ;;; ;
;AVI;
;MP3; Panasonic's referenced sampling frequencies are
IFF CD-R/RW 8; 11;02; 12; 16; 22;05; 24; 32; 44;1; 48 kHz
IFF DVD-R/RW a.k.a. DVD-R OR
DVD-RW 11;02; 12; 22;05; 24; 44;1; 48 kHz
IFF DVD-RAM 11;02; 12; 22;05; 24; 44;1; 48 kHz
IFF with ID3 tag; some devices cannot play *;mp3;
;MPEG4; also see: ; ASF;
;WMA;
Application purposes:
Cache / PDA; Digital camera; Game;
ID
card; Main memory; Memory
card; Smart card; Solid
state disk;
BL; Bit
Line
AND
OR
WL; Word Line;
In memory cell; BL
AND
OR
WL which means [2N where N bits
addressed row]
AND
OR [2M where M
bits addressed column] in 2D;
Block size; Page size;
Buffer: mostly use in programming; When using buffer; designers/engineers/programmers must make sure each buffer's storage limit [BoundedBuffer; buffer over run; buffer overflow; buffer underflow; ;;; ] ; In common; at heap; or at a run time; when a program needs temporary storage; threshold voltage must be referenced memory addresses as its needed buffers;
CD; in 2008; Signal system:
NTSC's CD audio: 4 Hz ~ 20 kHz; NTSC's DVD (linear audio): 4 Hz ~ 22 kHz
a.k.a. 48 kHz sampling AND
4 Hz ~ 44 kHz a.k.a. 96 kHz sampling;
Cell structure: 1T; 1 cell structure characteristics by 1 transistor [i;e; Flash]; 1T-1C; 1 cell structure characteristics by 1 transistor [i;e; DRAM]; 6T; 1 cell structure characteristics by 6 transistors [i;e; SRAM];
Cell density: High OR Low;
Cell type; Also see: type=exe;
Characteristics of memory as s in time vs; °C in temperature;
Cost; Also calculate: cost per bit;
。
CTA; ... ;
C | T | A | ♯ | |||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | A | ♯ | ; |
C | T | L | ♯ | |||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; | ||||||
C | T | L | ♯ | ; |
。
Data refresh operation: Require OR Not-require;
Data volatility: Yes OR No;
DDR2 vs; DDR3
Meta | DDR Type | |
DDR2 | DDR3 | |
# of Bank | 512Mb: 4bank | 512Mb / 1Gb / 2Gb / 4Gb / 8Gb: 8bank |
# of Bank | 1Gb / 2Gb: 8bank | |
Burst Length | BL = 4 4bit prefetch | BL = 4 8bit prefetch |
Burst Length | BL = 8 4bit prefetch | BL = 8 8bit pretetch |
Data rate | -400 400Mbps | -800 800Mbps |
Data rate | -800 800Mbps | -1600 1600Mbps |
Driver Calibration | Off-Chip | ZQ pin |
Interface | SSTL_18 1;8V s to S time | SSTL_15 1;5V s to S time |
ODT | Yes | Yes |
Package | BGA 60bga 4 60bga 8 | BGA 78bga 4 78bga 8 |
Package | BGA 84bga 16 | BGA 96bga 16 |
Reset | Not available | Available |
Source Sync; | Bidirectional full duplex | Bidirectional full duplex |
Source Sync; | single / diff ;option | differential default |
System assumption | 2slot 4load | 2slot 4load |
Vdd/Vddq | 1;8V | 1;5V |
For further info;
www;samsung;com / global / business / semiconductor / products / dram / Products_DDR3SDRAM;html |
Disc; if RPM increases without timing; disc(s) can explode; if 52x disc is at 150x test RPM may explode; Sometimes; configuring incorrectly of motherboard's multiplexer(s) can cause such explosion;
Endurance: High OR Low;
GDDR3 GDDR4 GDDR5; also see: AMD; Intel; Nvidia; Qimonda; ;;; ;
Meta | Memory Type; 2008~ | ||
GDDR3 SGRAM | GDDR4 SGRAM | GDDR5 SGRAM | |
Burst length | 4 OR 8 | 8 | 8 |
Data clocking | Synchronous RD Source AND AND WR | Synchronous RD Source AND AND WR | Synchronous CDR AND RD AND Source AND WR |
Data rate | 1000MT / s ~ 2000MT / s | 1600MT / s ~ 3200MT / s | 3200MT / s ~ 5000MT / s |
DRAM density | 256Mb ~ 1Gb | 512Mb | 512Mb ~ 2Gb |
DRAM PLL / DLL | *;dll | *;dll | PLL OR *;dll |
External V reg; supply | not available to public | not available to public | VPP |
I/O organization | 32 | 32 | 16 AND 32 |
Interface training | not available to public | Controller: RD OR WR | Controller: ADR OR RD OR WCK2CK OR WR |
Interface training | DRAM supported training protocol | ||
Prefetch scheme | 4bit | 8bit | 8bit |
VDD / VDDQ | 1;8V / 1;8V | 1;5V / 1; 5V AND 1;8V / 1;8V | 1;5V / 1; 5V |
VREF | vref | vrefc vrefd | internal / external vrefc internal / external vrefd |
VREF level | 0;7 VDDQ | 0;7 VDDQ | 0;7 VDDQ OR 0;5 VDDQ |
IFF keyword; context sensitive; e;g; voltage reference
VREF cannot be written Vref; because $s can only be equal to $S [notice
that no = equation sign use; because assignment operator is for inside
software only; when hardware concerns; no =] WHEN |application AND can
only be compiled by special design tools such as octet based compiler;
hexadecimal based compiler; 32bit based compiler; 64bit based compiler;
and so on ;;; ;
and some compilers are not available to public; Military top secret; |
HD, hard disk; also see:
high - definition,
HD;
Hardware <driver> Software; WHERE Hardware is Dedicated Video Memory:; Shared System Memory:; System Video Memory:; and Total Available Graphics Memory: WHICH [4 kinds of memory] are Adapter String: Mobile Intel(R) GMA X3100; Bios Information: Intel Video BIOS; Chip Type: Mobile Intel(R) 965 Expres Chipset Family; DAC Type: Internal; WHERE Software is Vista Home Basic; WHERE driver is *;bin; *;cpl; *;dll; *;exe; *;lrc; *;sys; *;vp; and Driver Provider: is Intel Corporation; File version: is 7;14;10;1437;
In system writable: Yes OR No;
ISSCC 2008; standardization;
Layers; also see: insulating layer;
MBR
[Panasonic Portable DVD / CD Player; DVD-LS* series; 2008];
A file can be encoded either by compression rate; or
MBR; WHERE MBR encoded content disc contains several diff bit rates; For example
*;wma
;
Therefore; file XYZ;wma may look the same inside Windows Explorer; but sometimes
cannot play ;;; because some devices are designed for fixed compression rate
only;
MS-MT Series; SONY Memory Stick; Operating voltage; Operating environment; Dimensions (W x L x T) ; Mass;
MTP memory; multi time programmable memory; Bit Line and Word Line oriented; so that at 1 time; several bit lines can be as words ;;;
Number of blocks / plane; number of planes;
NV memory; non volatile memory; in-circuit WRITE once; e;g; CDROM;
NV memory; non volatile memory; in-circuit REWRITABLE; e;g; DVD+R;
Power consumption: High OR Low;
Power
supply: Multiple
OR Single;
Read speed:
in ns [Nano second];
Write speed: in ms; µn; ns; ;;; ;
Storage usages:
Multi-format: in 2008; Panasonic's [ 8;5"; moonlight and sunlight display; model DVD-LS855PK ] portable DVD player can play CD; CD-R/RW; DivX [ including DivX version 6; and DivX video ]; DVD-R; DVD-R (Dual Layer); DVD-RAM; DVD-RW; DVD-Video; DVD+R; DVD+R (Dual Layer); DVD+RW; HighMAT Level; JPEG4; MP3; and WMA; With electronic skip protection; In 2008; the Panasonic portable DVD / CD player DVD-LS series can NOT play Blu-ray; HD DVD; AVCHD; DVD-Audio; DVD-RW version 1; DVD-ROM; CDV; CD-G; SACD; Photo CD; DVD-RAM [cannot remove from cartridge]; DVD-RAM 2;6GB; DVD-RAM 5;2GB; CVD with PAL; CVD with Chaoji VCD; DVCD without IEC62107; SVCD without IEC62107;
Card: in 2008; Memorex's digital photo frame [ 7" widescreen display; model MDF0738-BLK ] can play memory card or USB flash drive; WHERE memory cards are supported MMC Multi Media Card; MS Memory Stick; MS Pro Memory Stick Professional; SD Secure Digital; SDHC Secure Digital High Capacity; and xD;
Card: in 2007; 25 common formats along with USB1 OR USB2 are CF I; CF II; Magic Store; MD; MMC; MS; MS MagicGate; MS Memory Select Function; MS Duo; MS Duo MagicGate; MS Pro; MS Pro Duo; MS Pro Duo MagicGate; MS Pro Magic Gate; MS Pro Ultra II; MS ROM; RS MMC; RS MMC 4;0; SD; SM; SMC; TF; XD; XD Type H; XD Type M; ;;; ; Notice that very very low voltage; very very fast; very very high speed; very very compact by high density technology; ;;; ; technological advance products might be made by new particles in dark room environment ACT 2 stage because very cold and very dark out there in space; OFC; TFT;
Fabrication factory; some companies have their own fabrication factory(ies); some companies do not have their own; Standard and standardizing should belong to the company(ies) with their own fabrication factory(ies);
If you like to design / develop / test the cards; in 2007; Silicon Labs' USB to UART bridge WHICH provides ADC 10bit multiple channels; High speed CPU; RS232 connector; SMBus; UART interface; USB2 controller; ;;; ; SD built in as default; but ;
industry-standard storage: FCoE, Fibre Channel, InfiniBand, iSCSI, SAS, SCSI, ... ;
Disc logo till 2008 are +R / +RW; +R DL; CD COMPACT DISC DIGITAL AUDIO; CD COMPACT DISC DIGITAL AUDIO TEXT; CD-R / RW; DVD-R DL DVD R R DL; DVD-RAM DVD RAM RAM4;7; DVD-R / RW DVD R R4;7; DVD-R / RW DVD R W; DVD-V DVD-Video; VCD Video CD COMPACT DISC DIGITAL VIDEO; VCD Video CD COMPACT DISC SUPER VIDEO; ;;; ;
Drive: CD ROM drive; CD-R / RW drive; Combo drive; Compact drive; DVD ROM drive; External drive; Floppy drive; Hard drive; Internal drive; Partitioned volume drive For example: g: ; Portable External Drive a.k.a. Portable External Hard Drive; Slim drive; USB 2 flash drive; ... ;
250GB Portable External Drive, powered by USB
, in 2009, WHICH
means approx. 4MB average(MP3) to be 62500 songs;
4.8MB Fine 10 Megapixel to be 52000 pictures;
8.3GB / Hour average at 720p to be
30 Hours of HD video;
5.2GB / DVD average to be 48 DVD Quality Movies;
a Myanmar way of understanding
the keyword "Quality" means
all kinds of electronic, WHICH are based
on distance in
time [also
see: Multiplier]; so accordance with holes and
sticks [also see: Schematic Symbols] in
Ka
Theory a.k.a. M Theory; also see:
numerological dimension
BASIC.HTML
WHERE numbers are in stage by stage, numbers also
are in step by step, IFF functional,
Satellite DNS can be further research and develop;
therefore, "Quality" means
complexity regions can be
reduced from uncountable to countable; ... ;
Remark: operating
systems have been already hardware embedded, so do configure keywords ...
;
Full range; TB storage server;
Midrange; TB storage server;
Optical storage;
... powered by USB
; WHICH means USB
port is powered without separate power supply; WHICH means plug and play
feature; WHICH means without AC-DC adapter; OS constraint WHICH means i.e. in
2009, IFF Windows, XP or later versions, IFF Mac, OS X 10 or later versions;
speed may vary depending on quality of product is; USB power is commonly using
with Portable External Drive; ... ;
SimpleDRIVE Mini, powered by
, including
backup software, also see:
HITACHI; simpletech.com;
Toshiba USB Portable External Hard Drive, powered by
, including
backup software a.k.a. NTI Shadow, also see:
www.toshibadirect.com; in 2009, 250GB HDDR250E03X; 320GB HDDR320E03X; 400GB
HDDR400E03X; 500GB HDDR500E03X;
USB;
x has been used since CD; in 1990s; and approx; 150 MB / sec speed was 1x ;;; ; It was impossible to achieve this 1x speed by using electromagnetic drives; In common; text in 1;44 MB disk held 500+ letter size paper-pages; Disc replaces disk in portable storage; on the other hand; LASER; dark energy; pressure point [ 21st century's ] replaces electromagnetic on / off [ 20th century's ];
...
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